Preventing Deliberate Self Harm in Prison: Review of Methods

Preventing Deliberate Self Harm in Prison: Review of Methods Systematic review of the efficacy of methods  of preventing deliberate self harm in prison In delving into an examination of a ‘Systematic review of the efficacy of methods of preventing deliberate self-harm’ it is important to understand that the scope of the examination takes in a broad range of considerations, views and methodologies that are aligned with the main subject matter. Thus, having a clear understanding of what self-harm is represents a necessary facet in order to be able to determine the context within the scope of this examination. Hawton (1) states that â€Å"deliberate self-harm† entails â€Å"intentional self-positioning or self injury, irrespective of the apparent purpose of the act†. The most common forms, and or actions usually entail self-poisoning, overdosing on drugs, and the cutting of oneself (2). The preceding, self-harm, in a prison environment represents â€Å"a significant problem† that â€Å"requires the coordinated input of a number of agencies†, which includes â€Å"acute medical and psychiatric ca re (3)†. The subject of deliberate self-harm represents a broad subject area that includes alcohol abuse, deliberate self-injury by means of cutting, and other techniques. It also entails drug use, starvation, and other means via which individuals seek to harm, and or damage themselves. Harrison and Sharman (4) advise that self-injury represents a manner in expressing deep distress as represented by the cutting, burning, or other injury to oneself. They continue that frequently individuals do not know, or understand why they inflict harm upon themselves, and add that it is frequently a means to communicate what one cannot put into either words or thoughts (4). Harrison and Sharman (4) indicate that self-harm can be described â€Å"as expressing an inner scream†, which after the harm has been inflicted, then individuals are frequently able to cope with life, for a period of time. The preceding is expressed by many studies and articles that self-harm and self-injury represents a broad se t of acts that can, and does emanate from one not looking after their own needs from either an emotional and or physical standpoint (4). The infliction if self-injury can include cutting oneself, scratching, burning, hitting oneself, swallowing, and or putting harmful things inside one’s body, as well as the use of drugs to hide, and or mask distress, for escapism, and or relief (4). Self-harm also can include becoming involved in as well as staying in a relationship that is abusive, taking unneeded and unnecessary risks, eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia, and as mentioned drugs, along with alcohol abuse (4). The preceding are manifestations of excess that almost all individuals exhibit in some limited form or another as also represented by overeating. Overwork is an illustration of the foregoing whereby one attempts and or tries to lose themselves in an activity as opposed to being alone with their thoughts, and or feelings (4). The foregoing explanation of self-harm, and self-injury spans a broad range of descriptions, and has been utilized to draw attention to the depth of methods that a systematic review of the subject matter entails. In equating a ‘systematic review of the efficacy of methods for preventing deliberate self-harm in prison, it is critical to understand the terms utilized in the preceding title, focusing first on ‘efficacy’ as the core word defining the context. The Merriam-Webster online dictionary (5) defines ‘efficacy’ as â€Å"the power to produce an effect†. This definition is mirrored by Houghton Mifflin (6) that states it, efficacy, is the â€Å"power or capacity to produce a desired effect; effectiveness†. The foregoing represents a significant contribution to the understanding of the range this examination will cover in terms of its systematic review. The core of the problem represent identification, treatment, and follow up, which is r eferred to as interventions at varying stages in the process of uncovering and dealing with individuals exhibiting the traits, and or recorded histories of self-harm. The primary objectives concerning intervention is to identify, and manage self-injurious behaviour, enacting where possible improvement in the individual’s mental state, behaviour patterns, and functioning over the short, medium and long term. The preceding is manifested by less than six weeks, six weeks to six months, and more than six months respectively. The typical manner in which the foregoing is handled in a prison environment is via: the utilization of conventional as well as newer antipsychotic drugs, use of non-pharmacological interventions as represented by dialectical behaviour therapy, and the removal of identified individuals to safe cells whereby they can be placed under close observation. The secondary objectives represent the determination of the invention(s) that might have a beneficial effect. Such also entails understanding the diagnosis of treatable illnesses as evidenced by: severe depression episodes that include psychotic symptoms, as well as post-schizophrenic depression, and the diagnosis of individuals suffering from emotionally unstable disorders of the personality that are borderline This examination shall delve into the understanding of self-harm, and self-injury as it relates to individuals that are incarcerated, along with treatments, evaluation of intervention methodologies, common treatments, strategies in treatment and the efficacy of the methods utilized in prevention of the condition of deliberate self-harm. Jackson and Waters (7) inform us that there is no singular method that provides the necessary scope to answer the broad array of questions concerning â€Å"†¦ public health, health promotion problems and interventions†. They point to Pettigrew and Roberts (8) who advise that when the problem is known, then the types of studies to answer, and hone in on the problem can be deduced. The preceding thus sets the parameters for this examination concerning a ‘systematic review of the efficacy of methods of preventing deliberates self-harm in prison’. Garner (9) advises that in general, â€Å"people who deliberately hurt themselves do so because they feel that they need to, and that the act itself makes them feel better for a while, and more able to cope†. She adds that â€Å"People report overwhelming feelings of misery, emotional distress and hopelessness which lead them to the apparent solution of inflicting pain on their bodies†, and thus harming themselves. For a great many individuals, the preceding, self-harm, represents the solution, but however, it is in the reality a facet of the problem that is unresolved within themselves (9). Harrsion (10) advises that in the â€Å"strictest terms† Deliberate Self-Harm represents the general terminology describing activities that are self-damaging. The foregoing includes activities such as alcohol abuse along with bulimia to add to the other manifestations thus far mentioned. He also advises that Self-Injury makes more specific reference to the activities entailing the utilization of cutting, positioning, bruising, burning, and over-dosing with the intent of suicide as well as other activities directed at self-injury (10). In the preponderance of instances, it has been observed that the infliction of self-injury often means self-protection as opposed to self-destruction, representing a â€Å"way of copping †¦ when things get really bad (11).† Bywaters and Rolfe (11) continue that â€Å"People deal with things in different ways and, unfortunately or not, this is my way†. The preceding is an important understanding in the issue, which is highly com plex. The phenomenon, deliberate self-harm, represents a subject that has, and is entailing â€Å"extensive sociological, epidemiological, psychological, biological and clinical study† along with research as well as speculation as to its causes, reasons and roots (12). Jackson (13) published a set of guidelines which added to the ‘Handbook’ that provide â€Å"a working framework to conduct a systematic review of health promotion or public health intervention† to be utilized in conjunction with other source materials in the conducting of reviews concerning health interventions. There are two types of ‘reviews’ referred to by Jackson (13), which consist of: â€Å"traditional literature reviews/narrative reviews†, and â€Å"systematic reviews (with or without) meta-analysis† The first, â€Å"traditional literature reviews/narrative reviews† is generally conducted as well as interpreted by experts in the field utilizing â€Å"informal, unsystematic and subjective methods †¦ which is often summarised subjectively and narratively† (13). Jackson (13) explains that such processes representing â€Å"searching, quality appraisal and data synthesis are not usually described and as such, they are prone to bias†. The advantage of the preceding is the participation by said experts â€Å"who may have a thorough knowledge of the research field†, however it is also pointed out that the disadvantage is represented by the fact that these individuals and or authors â€Å"may have preconceived notions or biases and may overestimate the value of some studies† (13). In conducting a ‘systematic review’ of an individual with the condition of self-harm and self-injury, Jackson (13) defines the process as one that is â€Å"a review that is â€Å"very much driven†, in today’s terms, â€Å"by the evidence-based medicine movement†. She continues that a systematic review is thus defined as â€Å"a review of the evidence on a clearly formulated question that uses systematic and explicit methods to identify, select and critically appraise relevant primary research† (13). She adds that said systematic review is utilized to â€Å"extract and analyse data from the studies that are included in the review†(13). A meta-analysis represents when two or more studies are combined statistically â€Å"to produce a single estimate of the effect of the health care intervention under consideration† (13). Jackson (13) cautions us that the preceding, a meta-analysis, represents simply the statistical combination conc erning the result from the studies utilized, and that as such the final estimate concerning the effect might not necessarily represent the result found in the systematic review as done via the literature. Accordingly, the preceding should thus â€Å"not be considered as a type of review† (13). The following represents a comparison of the varied types of reviews: Table 1 – Different Types of Reviews, A Comparison (13) The Department of Health, under its â€Å"Delivering the Future† guidelines concerning self-harm (14) state that in many instances, acts of self-harm are not connected with attempts to commit an act of suicide. It states that such may represent instead an attempt to either influence, and or secure aid and help from others as well as a means to obtain relief from what is an unpleasant, and or overwhelming emotional state and or situation (14). Chapter 2 – Clinical Guidelines and Interventions As advised by Jackson and Waters (7), there is no singular method that provides the scope of information, and or definitions to answer the broad array of questions concerning interventions. As indicated by Pettigrew and Roberts (8), the foregoing requires a determination of what the problem is as a means to select the types of studies and information needed to hone in on the problem so that answers can be deduced. Therefore, in order to reach a determination, and or closer approximation of the potential type, or types of intervention needed, a â€Å"preliminary scooping search† (7) represents a means aids in gaining familiarity with the type(s) in interventions. This entails utilizing the questions that are asked, and answered in the interview session as the basis for the preceding. Jackson and Waters (7) in referring to Popay et al (15), as well as Dixson-Woods and Fitzpatrick (16) argue â€Å"†¦ qualitative research should have a role in systematic reviews†. Spen ser et al (17), as cited in Jackson and Waters (7), advises that the purpose of qualitative research is to provide a deeper understanding of the experience that individuals have, along with their experience factors, histories and importantly, their perspectives within their individual settings, and circumstances in an attempt to glean why people behave in the manner they do. The preceding represents the attempt to understand behavioural patterns, and social actions. In a study conducted in the United States representing a small group of just 21 adults that were receiving aid for deliberate self-harm, it was found that the most promising intervention methodology entailed ‘problem solving therapy’ (18). The preceding found that the most promising type of intervention entailed short-term problem solving therapy, that was cognitively oriented psychotherapy. The foregoing, as represented in five studies versus that standard aftercare indicated a trend that showed decreasing self-harm, with the treatment time varying among all five participants (18). In another set of interventions conducted that entailed twenty adults in each study group indicated a reduction concerning the repetition of self-harm incidents (18). The methodology utilized represented what is termed ‘dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT), which is a treatment program that is comprehensive, and was developed to see to individuals with severe dysfunctional problems. It a lso was designed to uncover those who exhibit borderline personality disorder along with recent incidents of deliberate self-harm (18). In addition, the study revealed that the â€Å"administration of antipsychotic flupenthixol† was shown to significantly reduce the percentage of repeated incidents of deliberate self-harm among individuals that had a prior history of at least two previous suicide attempts as opposed to testing the preceding on another trial group whereby a placebo was used (18). Hogg and Burke (19) advise that self-harm represents more in the attempt to relieve distress and or tension than anything else. Clinical Guidelines Nationally, in the United Kingdom, there are ‘clinical practice guidelines’ as represented by what are termed systematically developed statements developed to assist clinicians, and patients in making decisions concerning the appropriate treatment as represented by differing specific conditions (14). And while the aspects of conditions, circumstances, and related criteria differ in a prison environment, it is important to understand that there are national clinical practice guidelines in place that have some applicability. The preceding guidelines have been devised from available research, and evidence that utilized both predetermined as well as systematic methodologies for the identification, and evaluation of evidence concerning the varied specific conditions (14). In those instances whereby sufficient evidence is either lacking, or not compiled in meaningful numbers, and or conclusions, the guidelines incorporate recommendations as well as statements that have been ba sed upon a consensus as arrived at by the development group responsible for the guidelines (14). The National Institute for Clinical Excellence (20) approach the subject of intervention by stating that the management of self-harm calls for the utilisation of both primary as well as secondary care services in order to provide a complete assessment of the individual’s mental health as well as social needs, along with factors that precipitated the situation, and the factors of risk entailing future and further self-harm incidents. This approach is also supported by Green and Sinclair (21) who add that the appropriate treatment methodologies should be sensitive in terms of the differences that exist between patients exhibiting self-harm characteristics, therefore interventions must be mindful as well as acknowledge the diverse needs as represented by differing circumstances. Thomas and Faulkner (22) add that what is termed as â€Å"user led† evidence is increasingly being recognized in both policy making as well as research, and that perspectives of self-harm treatment following incidents should be investigated thoroughly to correlated findings to further establish care pattern guidelines based upon similar lines of historical facets. Such, however has not been the case, as present evidence relies strongly upon patient studies based upon preventing, and managing self-harm based on a medical perspective. The National Institute for Clinical Excellence (20) in its NICE guidelines, recommend that such a study should be implemented whereby qualitative methodology is applied in a rigorous fashion to examine user experiences, and results. The utilization, and importance of clinical guidelines has been devised as a means via which to improve the outcomes along with processes for the treatment, and intervention of individuals demonstrating a tendency, and or actual history of self-harm and self-injury. It is important to understand that the reasons, and causes for self-harm as well as self-injury are not entirely understood, and that each case and instance represents its own unique set of causes, histories, backgrounds, and rationales. As such, the Department of Health in developing said guidelines has cautioned that the preceding does not represent a substitution for either clinical judgment, or professional knowledge (14). In addition, the guidelines indicate that they are not meant to replace, and or supercede the responsibility of qualified health professionals in their rendering of decisions with respect to their patients. The purpose of the guidelines are to aid professionals in good practice points as well as recommendations for medical treatment, along with psychosocial ,and interventions, with the aims to (14): reach an evaluation of the specific medical as well as surgical interventions undertaken during the first forty-eight hours following an episode reach an evaluation, where possible, of risk assessment for the individual involved make an evaluation of the utilization, and role concerning the psychological as well as pharmacological interventions utilized in said episode reach an evaluation concerning the role as represented by service delivery systems, along with service-level interventions regarding the treatment and care of individuals who have committed self-harm acts to integrate all of the preceding to reach a determination of best practice representing the care, and treatment of those persons whom have committed an act or acts of self-harm. The following guidelines are intended to focus upon those individuals that have committed act(s) of self-harm representing an expression that demonstrates personal distress, along with those situations whereby an individual specifically intends to injure themselves (14). It should be noted that the prison systems fall under the guidelines of the NHS, and the guidelines are applicable to these types of situations as such falls under what are termed statutory services (14). Guidelines The HM Prison Service (23) set forth a â€Å"Prison Drug Treatment and Self-Harm† â€Å"to introduce new procedures†¦Ã¢â‚¬  devised to â€Å"minimize the risk of self-harm† from occurring as a result of â€Å"reaction to the stresses† associated with certain drug treatments. It further stated that compliance with the guidelines requires (23): appropriate information sharing to ensure that proper treatments are being conducted as well as to gather database information on treatment effectiveness inventions. That under ‘Mandatory Action’ That the Directors along with Governors ensure: That managers and staff in drug treatment positions are informed of the treatment guidance contents, and are following the prescribed outlines, That case history information shall be detailed, including prior drug treatment as well as mental state, and such provided to a CARAT team while the assessment is being conducted. The preceding is also to be shared with other intervention treatment programs to further the informational base of how differing case histories, and approaches fair in terms of effectiveness to build the historical base of improved interventions in the future. That prisoners under treatment are monitored for emotional as well as mental well being during the drug treatment process. That providers administering drug treatment must have familiarity concerning the ‘multi-disciplinary risk management process’, termed ACCT, or F2052SH, as well as invoking these procedures upon the identification of someone found as being at risk concerning self-harm, and or suicide. Lastly, drug treatment as administered by providers needs to actively promote as well as facilitate healthcare services access, along with the broad array of support services that are in prisons. The national guidelines for prison treatment of self-harm and drugs, as set forth in â€Å"Prison Drug Treatment and Self-Harm† (23), advises that there are a number of important considerations which must be taken into account during the assessment of the potential utilization of treatment for individuals being treated for self-harm as well as the types of support needed. It advises that the management of the process for self-harm, and suicide represents a multi-disciplinary process that must include CARAT, ACCT, and or F2052SH in the risk management process after the identification of an individual with suicide, and or self-harm tendencies as well as a demonstrated history (23). The treatment of self-harm entails the inclusion of any and all prior treatment, and event histories that should be sought concerning the informational basis for the engagement of intervention (23). The intervention process needs to be cognizant of the individual’s prior treatment along with so cial, mental, and family problems as the concerns underlying the issue may lie in these areas. The guidelines, and information as set forth under â€Å"Prison Drug Treatment and Self-Harm† (23) specify that the treatment programs as represented by CARATs, clinical services as well as Intensive Rehabilitation I are collectively the responsibility of the UK Prison system. CARAT represents the care coordinators for prisons with drug problems, and this agency maintains contact with each prisoner identified in their database. CARAT also maintains contact those instances whereby prisoners are transferred between institutions as well as treatment intervention transfers. Increased effectiveness under the shared informational context is seen as a result of the availability of prior history on prisoners, thus providing data on the path(s) taken, and the results achieved. The preceding also aids in the implementation of more effective intervention techniques. A mandatory facet of the guideline calls for the opening of an ACCT, and or F2052SH as soon as they are aware of an individ ual’s suicide, and or self-harm tendencies and or past actions (23). Under the â€Å"Prison Drug Treatment and Self-Harm† (23), the former treatment, medical, and personal histories of individuals represent an important aspect in continuing as well as prescribing new treatment as it aids those in delivering care to build upon past information. Continuity of care is a vital facet in the setting forth of treatment and allied routines, and it also adds that the delivery of treatment, and intervention in isolation is unacceptable (23). Information with respect to the preceding historical aspects can be obtained by those administering treatment from (23): Oasys assessments, LIDS records that record prior episodes as contained in the ACCT or F2052SH database, Healthcare services The â€Å"Prison Drug Treatment and Self-Harm† (23) document states that prisons need to ensure that a written as well as observed policy on the institution’s â€Å"substance misuse service† that covers the following (23): the clinical services that are provided as a result of healthcare, the guidelines for detoxification for opiates, alcohol as well as bebzodiazepines, that information representing assessment, the setting for treatment and overdose, along with essential observations are in keeping with the guidelines as set forth by the Department of Health, that the health care treatment has been and is being administered in accordance with CARAT drug care plans, as well as the fact that an NHS specialist is involved in the guideline preparations. The foregoing procedural guidelines have been devised to reduce incidences associated with self-harm behaviour. The use of drugs is also considered as a self-harm behavioural pattern. As such, clinical assessment concerning the misuse of substances represents an area definable through the first reception into the prison system as represented by initial medical examines as well as screening of the individual’s personal medical files, and sentencing records (23). The foregoing also applies to incidents of self-harm. Identified individuals that have self-harm, and drug use problems are thus referred for clinical misuse assessments (23). Under the â€Å"Prison Drug Treatment and Self-Harm† (23) guideline, prison systems have the responsibility to provide the appropriate settings for clinical interventions that permit unrestricted observation for patients that exhibit complex needs, with such observation available at all times (23). The â€Å"Prison Drug Treatment and Self-Harm† (23) also provides for healthcare and CARAT teams to work jointly on protocols concerning the referral of individuals that exhibit self-harm risk as well as suicide, and other mental health facets. The preceding, protocols, require in addition to prison referral concerning the aforementioned to CARAT teams, that an ACCT, and or F2052SH must be opened concerning any case that has these symptoms (23). The CARAT assessment framework contains elements that are utilized to provide detailed information concerning individual records of treatment as well as health areas as such relates to self-harm. The following specifies the drug intervention record asks and or records the following under the: A. Treatment Section (23): If the individual is presently receiving drug use treatments, under section 5.12 This aspect represents the opportunity to determine the type(s) of treatment administered to the prisoner, and whether such prior treatment records should be obtained. If the individual has had any drug use over the past two years, under section 5.13 Under this segment of questioning the CARAT worker should determine the type(s) of treatment the prisoner received, from the individual themselves as well as the treatment agency. Such data is useful in determining the treatment intervention(s) utilized and how such affected the prisoner, in addition to identifying if the individual had and or has any problems related to coping and related areas. Has the individual had any treatment for drug use in prison, under section 5.13 Details representing prior treatment, help options and other relevant contact details, under section 5.15 B. Health Section (23): If the individual has any mental and or physical health issues, under section 6.2 Under this facet, the CARAT worker seeks information from various agencies as well as healthcare concerning if prior treatment has either caused, and or raised any problems that might contribute to the prisoner’s physical, and or mental health areas. C. Disclosure Form (23): Informed Consent Under the disclosure form, it is indicted clearly that the prisoner’s consent is not a requirement if the CARAT team thinks that the prisoner may be at the risk of committing self-harm. The consent form also permits that information can be shared between agencies, as well as disclosing the treatment the prisoner is receiving. D. Referral Form (23): This form is devised to allow for any other relevant information, such as risk to the prisoner as well as others, access problems, and related areas, to be recorded as part of the assessment, thus resulting treatment formulation. E. Comprehensive Substance Misuse Assessment (CSMA) (23): Under the ‘National Treatment Agency Model of Care’, a Comprehensive Substance Misuse Assessment (CSMA), along with the preparation of a corresponding care plan must be concluded before the administration of drug treatment. However, the foregoing is noted as to potentially not being possible for those individuals whose stay inside the prison system is relatively short. History of Substance Abuse – Under section 1 Under this segment, the CARAT worker’s responsibility is to seek detailed information concerning the prisoner’s prior treatment through asking direct, and informed questions. In the exploration of the preceding, the CARAT worker needs to be mindful of as well as to take into consideration the processes utilised to achieve said outcomes as discovered

Leading at a Higher Level

IntroductionThe book under consideration is named â€Å"Leading at a Higher Level† and this extraordinary book was written by Ken Blanchard. The author has previously written numerous books namely The One Minute Manager, Raving Fans and now this book. The books written by the aforementioned author have turned out to be helpful for a number of people in perfecting their own leadership skills and expand the prospective of those around them.Now, in Leading at a Higher Level, Ken Blanchard discloses the answers to superlative leadership. Anyone and everyone can profit from the recommendations in this book that have previously helped thousands of leaders and business’ become more oriented around its people, centered on the satisfaction of its customers and performance-driven. The author introduces the readers to innumerable concepts such as the â€Å"triple bottom line† and how to use it to generate effectual objectives and visions.The book provides the readers with t he ways to determine ways to turn customers into what the author calls â€Å"raving fans† and build up a proper â€Å"customer mania.† Any of the higher authorities of an organization can use the techniques presented by the author in his book their own guidance, for leading teams as well as complete organizations. It can also help one in finding their own individual â€Å"leadership point of view†, which is a skill that all really great leaders have power over and it is also helpful in finding out how to relate it all the way through your entire life. By the use of this book, regardless of who or what place you are at, one can produce high-performing business; that can ease out life for everyone. Hoist your game, improve your presentation and make sure that you are foremost at a higher level.ReviewAs said, â€Å"Leaders in any realm of life can become self-serving when the driving reason for being in business is based solely on profit. While profit is a legitim ate goal, neglecting to see leadership as part of a higher calling diminishes the capacity to influence others and impact the greater good† (William, p.1). Leading at a Higher Level scrutinizes the notion of leading with a higher rationale, which necessitates a persuasive visualization and a way of life that the expansion of people is in the same way important to that of presentation. Author Ken Blanchard dares readers to show the way by asking themselves about their own realities, what they position for, and how they can take the inventiveness even if they do not have authoritative power.In the aforementioned book, the author along with a number of his colleagues has made the efforts to put forward their own understanding of top-notch leadership. By reading the book one can learn just how to create aims and objectives for the organization and the ways by which you can make your existence known as well as where your company is moving.Blanchard expands his step forward work on conveying well-known customer service and creating what he calls â€Å"raving fans.† In the book one will find the state-of-the-art dialogue of the well-known Situational Leadership II techniques for leading yourself, persons, teams, and complete businesses. Most significantly, Leading at a Higher Level the book is a big help if one wishes to take a good look at himself, determine the private â€Å"leadership point of view† and then use it for the rest of his or her life.  In the words of the author, â€Å"those who want to lead at a higher level need to understand what a high performing organization looks like and what is necessary to create one. They need to aim for the right target. Profit is the applause you get for taking care of your customers and creating a motivating environment for your people† (Blanchard, p.4).The author believes that anyone who wishes to become a better leader in any company, any organization, and any area of life needs to have a fi xed aim, follow the right idea, focus on the â€Å"bottom lines† that really matter at the same time as providing the customers with good support and deliver your ideal customer experience, and create â€Å"raving fans†. But most of all what he wants to deliver is that leaders should, â€Å"Listen, praise, support, guide, and help your people win† (Blanchard, p.5).The book is extremely informative when it comes to learning how to lead your people to enormity as you create elevated performing organizations that make life better for everyone. This book will direct you, motivate you, incite you, and be your criterion. Ken Blanchard along with a vast number of his colleagues are people that have spent a number of years in serving good leaders and organizations become grand, and as well as stay that way. In this book, they have made an effort to bring together everything they have learnt in the years gone by. By this book one can discover how to, â€Å"Go beyond the short term and zero in on the right target and vision, deliver legendary, maniacal customer service, and earn raving fans, truly empower your people and unleash their incredible potential, ground your leadership in humility and focus on the greater good† (Blanchard, p.10). Since a very long time, a vast number of people have benefited from the insight, understanding, and convenient procedures.From my personal point of view, the book is excellently written providing examples from the lives of real leaders. The book has been written in a very exciting manner and one can not get bored while reading it. Speaking for myself, I have not found anything negative about the book.ConclusionIn the light of the above discussion we can hereby culminate that the book that has been mentioned above namely Leading at a Higher Level was written by Ken Blanchard and the book is related to the ways in which leaders can understand themselves and then lead themselves, their teams and the entire org anizations on the way to success.Works CitedBlanchard, Ken. Leading at a Higher Level: Blanchard on Leadership and Creating High Performing Organizations.   United States of America. FT Press. 2006 Pp. 4,5,10.Williams, Susan. Leading at a Higher. Financial Times. 2007. Pp.1.

Hitler’s Foreign Policy

History – Hitler’s Foreign Policy The Revival of Germany January 1933 – Hitler becomes Chancellor Hitler’s Foreign Policy Aims 1. Destroy Treaty of Versailles (Versailles had limited Germany’s armed forces, taken away her colonies, forced Germany to give land to her neighbours which meant there were Germans under foreign rule) and impose German control in Europe. This involved rearmament & the destruction of French alliance system. 2. Union of German-Speaking people > Hitler was an Austrian, he longed for Union 3. Getting â€Å"living Space† from â€Å"sub-human† Slavs USSR (according to Mein Kampf Hitler’s real enemy not the West) & Poland. He argued Germans were the master race who needed living space as Germany was overcrowded and lacked food and raw materials. APPEASEMENT Appeasement was the policy followed by the British and later by the French. Aim: avoiding war with aggressive powers such as Japan, Italy and Germany giving way to their demands provided these were not to unreasonable. Reasons: Political divisions in France: hard to take a strong stand & refused to go to war without British support as the French were ultra-cautious Fear of modern war: fear of the bomber (particularly after Guernica) â€Å"The Bomber will always get through† & terror of poison gas> heavy losses Treaty of Versailles: unfair > sympathetic > revise clauses >Anglo-German friendship > Germany would have no need to be aggressive. Fear of communism: threat greater than Hitler> Germany guarantee against communist expansion Need for a strong Germany: Economic co-operation between Britain and Germany would help recover Germany’s economy > decrease of violence in Germany Public Opinion: Government was supported by pacifist opinion. British economic crisis: couldn’t afford expenses for rearmament. Britain’s military shortcomings > economic crisis, Britain had not rearmed. From 1936-39 Britain rearmed to negotiate from a position of strength U. S. isolationism > no support Examples Rearmament -1933 Anglo-German naval plan – 1935 Hoare-laval 1935 Re-occupation of the Rhineland – 1936 Anschluss – 1938 Munich conference – 1938 Czechoslovakia – 1938 Results: Did not work > encouraged Hitler Allowed him to destroy Versailles Made Germany strong Disarmament Conference 1933 The League called for a conference to persuade its members to disarm. Hitler wanted to appear morally justified before starting to rearm. Complaining Germany was the only power to have disarmed, he suggested a general formula to be reached. When the others refused he withdrew Germany from the Conference & from the League, then started building up Germany’s munitions industries. Re-armament To fulfill his aims, which he could only achieve by conquering the land he wanted, he had to re-build Germany’s armed forces by defying Versailles. This was a popular policy as itappealed to: nationalist > angry at limitations imposed by the treaty workers > full employment industrialists > big profits Gamble:Germany’s armed forces were still weak Reactions: Britain:no intervention Britain didn’t want to get involve in European affairs > internal problems Britain didn’t want to spent money on rearmament > Great Depression France: no intervention put up â€Å"Mignot Line†: a series of heavily armed forts along the border with Germany. Italy: ready to take action †¢ 1934, Austrian Nazis tried to overthrow the Austrian government by killing the chancellor. To prevent Hitler from taking control of Austria, Mussolini placed army units in the border with Austria. Non-agression Pact 1934 Germany & Poland agreed to sign a ten year non-aggression pact, which was later broken by Germany in 1939. Germany: needed to buy time to build up armed forces. She had to appear reasonable, until she could dictate from a position of strength. The pact also weakened the entete. This was simply regarded as a temporary measure. Poland:lack of confidence in France (French turned down a suggestion of a preventive war) fear of losing the Polish corridor. Austria 1934 Aim: Union of Anschluss Actions: Austrian Chancellor (Mussolini’s protege) was shot dead by Austrian Nazis who occupied the radio station > Austrian government stops coup. Reaction: Mussolini moves forces to Austrian frontier. Result: Hitler was still weak so he denied German interest in conspiracy. Soviet Union enters the League 1934 The French Foreign Secretary managed to secure the Soviet Union’s entry to the League. This was another setback for Hitler. The Saar plebiscite 1935 End of French 15 year administration of Saar (coalfields, factories, railway centre) Plebiscite held > Saarland returned to Germany (inhabitants-German) Hitler regarded this as a victory against Versailles Introduction of Conscription 1935 After 2 years of secretly re-arming Hitler announced there would be compulsory military service for all men. By 1938 Germany’s armed forces were as good as France’s. Hitler justified himself arguing he was responding to the French increase in military service and British increase in airforce. Stresa Front 1935 Great powers took no military action. At Sresa Prime ministers of France, Britain & Italy joined to confirm Locarno. The League censured German rearmament. In May France & Russia signed pact for mutual assistance. Russia & Czechoslovakia signed another pact where it was understood that Soviet aid would follow French initiative. The Stresa Front was undermined by the Anglo-German naval treaty and the Abyssinian affair. Anglo-German naval plan 1935 British aim: limit German navy, the British argued that Hitler would rearm anyway and that a limit was better than no limit at all. Agreement: German limited to 35% of the tonnage of British fleet & 100% submarines. Results: o British approval of Germany’s right to rearm (disapproval of Versailles) > France and Italy were angered o Stresa front broken Reoccupation of Rhineland 1936 While the League was busy dealing with the Ethiopian affair, German troops reoccupied Rhineland defying Locarno treaties & treaty of Versailles Hitler tried to reassure France & Belgium with offers to sign peace pacts Gamble: German army was still weak > Enemies could have easily defeated them Generals were nervous & ready to withdraw at first sign of trouble Humiliating for Hitler and generals > coup d’etat Reaction: Britain & France distracted by Ethiopia Britain: sympathetic (believed Germans were only moving back to their own back garden > appeasement, they were impressed by Hitler’s 25-year peace offer. France: Didn’t mobilise. France wasn’t willing to take action without British support. France was divided, there had been riots. The French as the British were ready to see how Hitler would behave in the future. Results: Hitler was encouraged to take further gambles > he underestimated allies Hitler was popular > almost impossible to move against him Secure strategic position in any future war against France> Germany started building â€Å"Siegfried line† Possibility to attack weak countries > Poland Austria 1938 According to Mein Kampf the absorption of Austria was the Hitler’s first territorial revision of Versailles. Hitler was an Austrian and longed for this union. Hitler expected the Austrian Nazis to undermine the state and then call in the Germans. The Democracy had already ended and a type of clergical dictatorship had been established. Shuschnigg’s attempts: To maintain Austrian independence, Schuschnigg relied on Mussolini. He had attempted to placate the Germans with a pact in 1936. Austria announced her German character. Representatives of the national opposition entered the government and Nazis were released in exchange for no more conspiracies or illegal propaganda. When Schuschnigg discovered plans for an Austrian-Nazi coup d’etat he asked Von Papen to arrange a meeting with Hitler. Hitler’s demands – The meeting In February 1938 Hitler met Schuschnigg for a discussion about the relationship between their countries. After threatening Schuschnigg for several hours Hitler handed him a list of ten demands: Austrian Nazis should be reinstalled A leading Nazi Seyss-Inquart was to be made minister of the interior – key position that gave him control over the police Close economic and military relations were to be established Schuschnigg’s attempts to maintain peace: To prevent a Nazi take-over he organised a vote on the question of union with Germany Failure on winning international sympathy Britain: refused to give any conforting advice France : did not call up any reserves > lack of British support Italy: Mussolini was aware of where power laid, when he learned that Tyrolese would continue under Italian rule he decided not to intervene. He was not interested in Austria, Hitler promised to help Mussolini in any circumstances. Hitler’s reaction: He demanded the vote to be postponed & Schuschnigg to resign or the German army was to invade Austria. Schuschnigg resigned along with all government ministers except Seyss Seyss-Inquart became chancellor & invited the German army to occupy Austria Austrian Nazi opponents were arrested and the jews were deprived of civil rights A plebiscite was held & there was an official â€Å"yes† vote in facour of the Anschluss. Results: 1. Hitler took first step to create a big Germany 2. Germany was strengthened by the incorporation of Austria. Population: 7 million. Resources: iron, steel, magnetite. 3. Strategic benefits: Czechoslovakia >weaker, surrounded by German territory. Open door into the Balkans 4. Hitler’s Popularity increased. Opposition became more difficult 5. Relationships with Italy improved > Mussolini sided Germany 6. Jews were deprived of civil rights 7. France & Britain: delivered protest to German government > no arm Czechoslovakia 1938 Minorities in Czechoslovakia due to: Populations throughout Europe were mixed Sutelenland > montanious district which provided a strong frontier against Germany. Czech Crisis The 1930’s depression & rise to power of Nazis encouraged a German people’s army led by Henlein to demand for the Sudetenland to be transferred to Germany The Czechs mobilised part of their forces and the Russians told the French they would respect their 1935 agreement to protect Czechoslovakia. Hitler and the sudetenland Hitler instructed his generals to prepare for an invasion by 1st October Risks: Czechoslovakia was well-equipped for a war (large army,large air forceand industry. 2 Powerful allies: o France:unwilling to fight germany,the army wasn’t ready o USSR:great political problems + war with Japan Britain & France: asked Hitler to be reasonable, however encouraged president Benes to accept Henlein’s 8 points. He accepted. Chamberlain’s Aeroplane Diplomacy Chamberlain followed the policy of Appeasement when the Czech crisis began. When the Czech crisis deepened, Chamberlain was encouraged to fly to Germany and speak with Hitler personally. Berchtesgarten At Berchtesgarten when Hitler demanded the cession of the Sudetenland Chamberlain agreed to hand over areas of the Sudetenland with over 50% of German population. Then Chamberlain persuaded the Czechs and the French to agree. Godesburg Chamberlain flew to Germany and found Hitler wanted all of the Sudetenland and the Czechs to give land to Poland and Hungary. The British cabinet: refused to accept France called up reserves Czechoslovakia: had already ordered mobilisation Countries prepared for war The Munich Conference 1938 Reasons: Chamberlain didn’t like the prospect of war > unlikely to win support of empire + commonwealth He thought it was better to fight for a clearer cause and not a country which was so far away that most British had not hear of Britain’s air defences were still weak > Germany was producing a new aircraft Me-109 Britain needed time to prepare: time for factories to produce aircrafts in big numbers, develop radars, spitfires Britain was not likely to win Agreement: Hitler, Mussolini, Chamberlain and Daladier met at Munich. Neither the Czechs nor the Soviets. They all agreed that the Czechs had to give the Sudetenland to Germany or they would have to fight Germany alone. Czechoslovakia accepted Results: Germany strengthen by surrender of mountain fortifications Czechs lost mountain fortifications > easier to attack > balance of power>Germany o Millions of Czechs o Industry > armaments o Raw materials Poland seized the Teschen district > coalmines & Hungary took land: they were encouraged to side Hitler Chamberlain > hero (short term) Soviet Union worried the west would do nothing to stop Hitler>they feared they would have to face the Germans alone Hitler’s ambitions increased>believed Britain and France wouldn’t stand up to him. Czechoslovakia Destroyed 1939 Hitler claimed the Czech government had lost control and that a civil war would break if Germany didn’t intervene Hitler bullied Hacha into inviting German troops to occupy the country > threat to bomb Prague After Hacha issued the invitation he used this as an excuse to justify his actions March 1939 – German troops marched into Prague Bohemia and Moravia > Protectorate of germany o Slovakia:remained independent > became a puppet state o Ruthenia > Hungary †¢ Britain & France protested but took no action as Germany had â€Å"technically† been invited into Czechoslovakia. The polish Guarantee Agreement : Britain gave Poland a guarantee to protect it from Germany. France later supported it. Reasons: The Polish corridor > Germany wanted it back (German inhabitants). Chamberlain realized Hitler couldn’t be stopped by appeasement > stronger measures were take to stop Hitler. Problem: Britain and France were geographically unable to defend Poland and succeed. Hitler’s reaction: ignore it > issued an order to invade Poland Germany and Italy 1934: enemies > Mussolini stopped Hitler from taking Austria 1935:Italy was angry with Britain and France > Ethiopia 1936: Rome Berlin axis > cooperate against communism o Fascists dictators Anti-comintern pact (Italy, Germany and Japan) >work against international communism 1938: Mussolini allowed Germany to take over Austria 939:italy invaded Albania to match the occupation of Prague The Pact of Steel 1939 Agreement:They would support each other in a war Mussolini’s request: materials Italy needed to help Germany > Italy was not prepared for a war Germany and the USSR Hitler:hated communism > wanted to take â€Å"lebesraum† from USSR. Hitler regarded the Soviets were his main enemies as stated in Mein Kampf Soviet Union: most hated the Nazis The Nazi-Soviet pact 1939 (Ribbentrop-Molotov) Agreement: -If Germany attacked Poland the USSR was to remain neutral Agreement: -Germany could occupy the western parts including Danzig and the Polish corridor – USSR entitled to occupy western parts: Baltic provinces Result: Germany was free to attack Poland > USSR only great power capable of defending Poland. USSR Reasons: 1. failure to reach an agreement with the west: †¢ Soviet Union was still backwards and needed time to develop. †¢ Anglo-French weakness > Stalin feared he would have to fight Germany alone. 2. British reluctance to ally: Churchill urged an alliance > only way to stop Hitler †¢ British Government was frightened if not more of Stalin than Hitler †¢ Conservatives hated communism > Nazis guard against spread of communism in Europe †¢ Soviet strength was underestimated > British believed purges had weakened the armed forces, officers had been killed †¢ Chamberlain’s reluctance > probably as the opposition wanted an allian ce †¢ British responses were slow and made by low-ranking officials in contrasts with Stalin’s quick responses to Birtish initiative, he took negotiations seriously. Eden’s offer to go on special mission > rejected 3. Fear of Japan: †¢ Clashes between soviets and Japanese increased > Japan was a threat to soviets who didn’t like the prospect of a was with 2 fronts. Stalin needed security in Europe 4. Attractiveness of German offer: †¢ Territory in eastern Poland (contained ethnic Russians, seized by Poland after the Russo-Polish war) > Buffer zone against Poland 5. Desire of a breathing space: †¢ Buy time to prepare defenes †¢ Get armed forces ready †¢ Industralize Russia †¢ Prepare for war Get effects of modernization through German reasons: 1. Prevent a war with 2 fronts 2. Desire to invade Poland Results: Germany was free to attack Poland: USSR only country geographically capable of defending Poland Events: -September 1:inva sion of Poland September 3:outbreak of war -Britain and France realised the necessity to stop Hitler > prevent expansion of Germany -The Czech guarantee was not honoured > couldn’t afford the same with Poland >affect international credibility -Corridor concession had been encouraged Support of British and commonwealth -British Factories were readu to build modern fighter planes Reasons for World War II Hiters ambitions(foreign policy): o Determined to acquire Sudetenland o Germany invaded Poland U. S isolationism: o U. S did not get involve in European affairs Appeasement: o Allowed Hitler to destroy Versailles o Encouraged him to believe countries would not stand up to him o A stronger Policy could have destroyed Hitler (e. g. Rhineland) Nazi-Soviet Pact o Freed Hitler from a two front war o Allowed Hitler to attack Poland

Examples Of The Possibility Of Evil In The Lottery By...

We are all quick to judge something or someone by a first impression but as we may all know not everything is as if it seems. In Shirley Jackson’s short stories, ‘The Possibility of Evil† and â€Å"The Lottery†, Jackson uses specific literary devices in each story. In each short story, everything seems to be normal and typical until the hidden secrets are revealed. Jackson’s uses irony, mood and theme for a better understanding of the two short stories. First Jackson presents use with irony in both short stories but with different meanings. In â€Å"The Lottery† Tessie, daughter of Bill Hutchinson, spoke up about the winner of the lottery, â€Å"You didn’t give him time enough to take any paper he wanted. I saw you. It wasn’t fair!† This immediately†¦show more content†¦Jackson emphasizes each situation with irony to one, add a little suspense and two, add a twist to each ending. Second type of literary devices used is mood. In both stories the scene was set the same way, normal and peaceful until the end. â€Å"The morning of June of 27th was clear and sunny, with the fresh warmth of a full-summer day; the flowers were blossoming profusely and the grass was richly green.†(The Lottery) Jackson also used imagery with his mood making this small village seem all colorful and as if nothing horrific can happen. That description is setting the story up as any typical day in summer. â€Å"The sun was shining, the air was fresh and clear after the night’s heavy rain, and everything in Miss Strangeworth’s little town looked washed and bright.†(The Possibility of Evil) In Miss Strangeworth town it also seems just like a typical summer day. But both stories start going downhill towards the end of the story and each town’s true colors start to show. Jackson uses mood to describe the setting and show how both stories go from happy to da rk/cruel. Lastly jackson had the same main message for both stories. The theme is not to judge a book by its cover because although the town in The Lottery and Miss Strangeworth both seem innocent and quiet they are not who them seem to be.Show MoreRelatedThe Possibility Of Evil, And The Lottery, By Shirley Jackson1102 Words   |  5 Pagesteaches the main character a lesson, or the reader themselves. Jackson acts as a master of literary devices, as she navigates the reader through intense scenes that evoke an emotional response to the experiences of the main character. In the short stories, â€Å"The Possibility of Evil† and â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson, she used the same three literary devices to grasp the reader’s attention from beginning to end. In â€Å"The Possibility of Evil† Miss Adela Strangeworth caused a stir by sending anonymousRead MoreThe Lottery And The Possibility Of Evil By Shirley Jackson1107 Words   |  5 Pagesunique and unexpected tw ist to a seemingly ordinary story. Shirley Jackson, the author of short stories â€Å"The Lottery† and â€Å"The Possibility of Evil†, uses both imagery and diction to establish a calm mood in the beginning of her stories; however, the usage of different types of irony at later points in the story makes both endings unique. The author uses diction in the beginning of both â€Å"The Lottery† as well as ‘The Possibility of Evil† to establish a normal and somewhat peaceful mood. ResidentsRead MoreTradition Stays Put in The Lottery by Shirley Jackson1053 Words   |  4 PagesTradition Stays Put Easily regarded as one of America’s most beloved short stories, â€Å"The Lottery,† by Shirley Jackson, leaves readers with excitement and perhaps a small sense of doubt. Doubt could be an aspect of the reader’s mind due to the gory fact of the cultural tradition in the small farming town of the story. Shirley Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery† displays the theme of unwavering ritualistic tradition and symbolism. This means the village is unable to move past their tradition while symbolismRead More The Lottery Essay811 Words   |  4 Pagesword lottery, you probably think of winning a large sum of money before being stoned to death. quot; The Lotteryquot; by Shirley Jackson brings this horrible idea to life. While the overall mood of the story depicts a typical day in a small rural town, through great use of imagery and irony, one is set up for an unusual ending. Shirley Jackson uses the element of surprise. The way of the story ends is unlike anyone could predict. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The main object of The Lottery is theRead MoreCritical Criticism Of The Lottery1448 Words   |  6 PagesSherley’s Jackson short story, â€Å"The Lottery† tells the story of villagers that hold a terrible lottery tradition every year. Even though the story begins with the audiences with a bad close to the community by competing in a crisis tradition on a very important day, and at the end with a death of the â€Å"winner† by stoning the person that leads to s discussions between the people, and continued to be revise in modern days (Jackson). The â€Å"theory that based on the critical perspective of the story onRead MoreThe Lottery and the Ones Who Walked Away from Omelas2537 Words   |  11 PagesHow sweet it is. The image of the bay surrounded by the mountains with Ursulas white-gold fire enchanting the air. Oh, and one cannot forget the tantalizing orgy custom fit to your most personal delights. Can you even begin to imagine the me re possibility of an association between religion and sexual pleasure without the possible deviance of human authority? It all seems nearly ovenvhelming. The fascination continues with every moment of lustful anticipation. One cannot deny their own perversionRead MoreEssay about Allegory and Satire in The Lottery, by Shirley Jackson2337 Words   |  10 PagesOriginally printed in the June 26, 1948 issue of The New Yorker, Shirley Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery† brought about controversy from the beginning. Magazine subscriptions were immediately canceled due to the outrage at the brutal underlying message. Mrs. Jackson tore down virtually every institution that American Citizens hold dear to their hearts. Jackson believes we should not just blindly follow authority or blindly partake in any traditions that we may not understand to the full extent. â€Å"Any humanRead MoreTradition in The Lottery by Shirley Jackson1774 Words   |  8 Pages Easily regarded as one of America’s most beloved short stories, â€Å"The Lottery,† by Shirley Jackson, leaves readers with excitement and perhaps a small sense of doubt. Doubt could be an aspect of the reader’s mind due to the gory fact of the cultural tradition in the small farming town of the story. Shirley Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery† displays the theme of unwavering ritualistic tradition and the use of symbolism throughout the story. This means the village is unable to move past their traditionRead MorePhilip Zimbardo’S Famous Quote Was Inspired From His Stanford1861 Words   |  8 Pagesbetween good and evil is permeable and almost anyone can be induced to cross it when pressured by situational forces†. This quote summarized means that when a human is given or in the right scenario, humans will take on one of the most savage behavior. Philip Zimbardo’s experiment that happened in 1971 was all about taking in male volun teers to a prison like setting and he had them take roles as either prisoners or guards. A writer Shirley Jackson wrote a short story called â€Å"The Lottery† in 1948, theRead More Human Consciousness Essay1789 Words   |  8 PagesHuman Consciousness Erich Fromm and Shirley Jackson have both written wonderful true-life affecting essays and should be awarded for them. I appreciate both stories and feel they both set tales to learn from and live by. As a combined theme for both I ‘ld say â€Å"human consciousness is more then a gift†. And read on to see what I mean. In Erich Fromm we notice a compassionate concern for the unfolding of life. Fromm claims that the growing process of the emergence of the individual from his original