The Effects Of Pre Trial Release Programs - 1563 Words

Pre-Trial Release Programs lets individuals be released prior to trial with conditions. Some of these conditions are that you have to pay cash, wear an ankle bracelet while being on house arrest, be alcohol/drug tested, or even be watched/monitored. Pretrial release programs can be denied for capital offenses. The law allows release on personal recognizance of an unsecured appearance bond. â€Å"Common conditions: commercial surety, cash deposit, property bond, other secured bonds, supervision and additional requirements†. (http://www.ncsl.org/research/civil-and-criminal-justice/pretrial-release-conditions.aspx) Electronic monitoring is authorized for any defendant eligible for release. A minimum of 500 dollars bond is required for failure to appear while on pretrial release. There are several different options that judicial officials have at the disposal when setting a defendants pretrial release conditions five basic conditions that a judge or magistrate may set, NC statute lists them in 15A-534(a). There is the first one which is the release on written promise to appear. This option basically allows the defendant to be released without paying any type of bond, as long as he promises to appear in court on his written court date. The second option is to release the defendant upon his execution of an unsecured appearance bond. An unsecured bond is one that is backed only by the integrity of the defendant. No assets or collateral is required to be posted on this type of bond. TheShow MoreRelatedThe Major Challenges Facing the Criminal Justice System1322 Words   |  6 Pagesits highest levels since 2004, when federal prisons were 41 percent beyond capacity. As more and more inmates are crammed into ever tightening living spaces increases in violent incide nts are surly going to rise. â€Å"Overcrowding in prisons negatively effect the mental and physical health of both the inmates and prison staff† (GAO, 2012). Inmates in overcrowded prisons have a higher rate of illness and mental health issues than the general population. For example, an estimated 37% of inmates have hypertensionRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Pre Trial Release On The United States 1582 Words   |  7 PagesRace Effects Paulsen’s review in â€Å"Pre-Trial Release in the United States† examined â€Å"one of the worst episodes of racial disturbance in the history of the United States† when over 4,000 people were arrested and over half were charged with felonies in Los Angeles, California (1966, pg. 109). Paulsen provides a clear cut charge to a question many ask, â€Å"bail problems are constitutional problems in the United States† (1966, pg. 110). In this particular case, the prosecutors argued for denial of bailRead MoreResearch design Experimental design Sample population Recreational male soccer players Sample1600 Words   |  7 PagesExperimental design Sample population Recreational male soccer players Sample size A total of forty subjects (n=40) were recruited. Sample size was calculated on the basis of previous researches by G power 3.1.5 software. Level of significance was kept 0.05, effect size of the study was 0.94 , with 80% power (1- á µ ). Sampling method Total numbers of recreational male soccer players were recruited by convenience sampling method for our study. Sources of subjects Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi Methods of selectingRead MoreLong Term Effects Of Reentry Programs On Reducing Juvenile Recidivism Essay943 Words   |  4 Pages Long-term Effects of Reentry Programs On   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Reducing Juvenile Recidivism   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   By: Tiffany Gilliam La Salle University PHLT 752: Capstone I Introduction Nearly, 5% of the world s population is represented by the United who possesses 25% of the world s prisoners (Liptak, 2008). Approximately 2.2 million prisoners are awaiting pre-trial and 1.6 million post-trial inmates are incarcerated in city, state, and federal prisonsRead MoreMental Illness And Substance Abuse Problems1563 Words   |  7 Pagespopulation who have mental illness or substance abuse problems. The first section of this literature review explores programs on help people with mental illness or substance abuse, the second section discusses finding health care for them and lastly, the third section reviews effective discharge planning. Effective Treatment Modalities: Programs Most of the research supports the use of programs to reduce recidivism among formerly incarcerated population with substance abuse and mental issues. This studyRead MoreThe Effects Of Prison Overcrowding On The United States Essay1713 Words   |  7 Pageslimit permits. The prison populace relies on upon the quantity of admissions and the quantity of release in a watched period. As indicated by admission and release information, drifts in the length of sentencing can be watched. Therefore, the reason behind the expansion in prison populace can be distinguished by breaking down each of the three patterns, the quantity of admissions, the quantity of releases, and the length of prison sentences (Novak, 2009). A large proportion of the prison populace isRead MoreThe Cost Of Capital Punishment1664 Words   |  7 Pagesbeing laid off, prisoners are being released early, the courts are clogged, and crime continues to rise. The economic recession has caused cutbacks in the backbone of the criminal justice system. In Florida, the budget crisis resulted in the early release of 3,000 prisoners. In Texas, prisoners are serving only 20% of their time and rearrests are common. Georgia is laying off 900 correctional personnel and New Jersey has had to dismiss 500 police officers. Yet these same states, and many others likeRead MoreIncarceration : Cruel And Unregulated Punishment Essay907 Words   |  4 Pagescritical exposure to numerous violations of their basic human rights. Abuses of power present themselves in a myriad of ways, including; the unregulated approach in which prison facilities enforce solitary confinement, the misuse of â€Å"compassionate release† policies and the judicial system’s wrongful imprisonment of individuals suffering from mental illness and, or mental disability. In most cases, prisoners will experience at least one, if not all, of these disparaging interactions during incarcerationRead MoreThe Treatment Of Terminally Ill Patients 1591 Words   |  7 PagesTerminally ill patients should have access to potentially lifesaving experimental drugs. There are three ways to get access to these drugs. The Food and Drug Administration has a program called Expanded Access. Clinical trials throughout the drug development process are another way to gain access. Recently, some states have been passing â€Å"Right-to-Try Laws (Larner, par. 1-5). The purpose of clinical development is to bring new drugs and therapies to patients. These drugs and therapies are studiedRead MoreDeath Penalty Essay1155 Words   |  5 PagesDeath Penalty Virtually every major program designed to address the underlying causes of violence and to support the poor, vulnerable, powerless victims of crime is being cut even further to the bone†¦ In this context, the proposition that the death penalty is a needed addition to our arsenal of weapons lacks credibility†¦ Scott Harshbarge, Attorney General of Massachusetts Across the United States, police officers are losing their jobs, prisoners are obtaining parole early, courts are

Othello and Identity - 1730 Words

Identity is a very key, important thematic issue in William Shakespeares tragic drama, Othello. Identity, or what may be better explained as a characters public perception, is highly valued in the Elizabethan Age in which Othello is set. There is a varying range between the characters in the extent that how they are perceived in public is not how they behave in private or how they really are, thus creating more than one identity per character. A characters identity is the overall essence of that character, however, in plays such as Shakespeares there must always be an element of tragic flaw to the play thus creating conflict. In Othello, conflict ultimately arises through the plotting and scheming of one central, manipulative†¦show more content†¦It is here that the audience begins seeing a different identity of Othello. Who was once regarded as so valiant and courageous, was now beginning to show signs of severe insecurities dealing with matters, most importantly, such as his lack of experience in love and marriage causing shadows of doubt over his confidence in himself and his ability to be loved by and worthy of someone like Desdemona. Desdemona, although not intentionally, seems to be the reason for all the unrest in Othello. This is an instance in the play when irony shines its smiling face upon Shakespeares most tragic characters. Othello feels truly happy with the presence of Desdemona in his life (Act II.1, 181-187): It gives me wonder great as my content To see you here before me. O! my souls joy, If after every tempest come such calms, May the winds blow till they have wakened death And let the laboring bark climb hills of seas, Olympus- high, and duck again as low As hells from heaven! If it were now tow to die, ‘Twere now to be most happy; And yet he also feels severe discontent with this same presence and feels that this love and triumph in his life is too good to be true and as all things too good to be true, cannot last, But I do love thee, and when I love thee not,/ Chaos is come again (Act III.3,Show MoreRelatedIagos Description And Identity In Othello1932 Words   |  8 PagesShakespeare’s most infamous villains, uses this line to warn Othello of the dangers of jealousy, although it is later revealed that Iago is the most jealous character in the play. Is Iago’s description of the green-eyed monster only a symbol? How real can it become to those who become too obsessed with it? How does this fit together with race? I aim to answer these questions by examining the relationship between William Shakespeare’s tragedy Othello and Kwame Anthony Appiah’s definitions of ascription andRead MoreOthello Tragic Flaw1643 Words   |  7 PagesOthello’s Own Faults In Shakespeare’s Othello, Othello is a highly acclaimed general and because of his many achievements he has transcended stereotypes projected upon Moors in Venetian society. Desdemona and the nature of her affair, although it is false, is considered to be the root cause of Othello’s downfall and violent demise. Othello feels anxious about the racist nature engrained in Venetian society and eventually projects this manner upon his identity. The differences gave to his rise of paranoiaRead MoreOthello Character Analysis1555 Words   |  7 Pagesinherent weakness lies in his linguistic capabilities, the very same capabilities Othello uses to win over Desdemona, and to defend himself during his trial in front of the duke. In Smith’s reading, Othello only reverts to his barbarian state when experiencing extreme pressure, as he lacks the other means to express the futility of what is felt, which results in violence. However, when a closer look is taken at what Othello knows about the culture he has tried to hard to assimilate to, it can be seenRead MoreAnalysis Of The Play Othello 1119 Words   |  5 Pagesplay â€Å"Othello†, by William Shakespeare and film adaption by Oliver parker explores the idea of how an individual’s sense of identity affects their actions and how this can be manipulated to create conflict. Shakespeare uses techniques such as soliloquies, dramatic irony, imagery, foreshadowing, and symbolism to show us how tragedy occurs from counteracting to patriarchal rules and stereotypes. Identity is a very key, important thematic issue in William Shakespeare s tragic play, â€Å"Othello†. IdentityRead MoreA Postcolonialist Analysis of the Tragedy of Othello849 Words   |  4 PagesPostcolonialist Analysis of the Tragedy of Othello Syllabus 1. Introduction Different people have different opinions towards the tragedy of Othello. Personally, I am deeply impressed by the racial bias in this tragedy; therefore I try to analyze it from the view of postcolonialism. As you know, the tragedy of Othello has a close relation with Othello’s blackness identity. In the play, the viperous Iago makes full use of Othello’s special Moor identity, which is different from the dominantRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare1709 Words   |  7 Pagescharacter Othello is a unique character in English literature, because unlike the other members of society, Othello is an outsider in Venice. He is a black man living in a white world, married to a white woman, and a leader of white men in battle. Othello is persuaded that his wife, Desdemona, is cheating on him, leading him to murder her. Some argue that because Othello was the typical black stereotype he killed Desdemona, but evidence suggests that Othello viewed his own racial identity as undesirableRead MoreHarlem Duet-Modern Play Essay1304 Words   |  6 Pagesaffects them on a regular and frequent basis. These external factors, such as a racist society, can be seen affecting and challengi ng Billie’s identity in the play. Due to this factor, Billie feels like she is constantly looked down upon and automatically is considered inferior by the society just because she is black, but this doesn’t weaken Billie’s identity, but further strengthens it. The quote in Act1 Scene 4, â€Å"I don’t have that...that luxury. When I go into a store, I always know when I’m beingRead MoreThe Power of Self-Destruction in Shakespeares Othello Essay802 Words   |  4 PagesOthello, the Moor of Venice published in 1622 by William Shakespeare, one of the greatest writers known in English literature. Othello has been said to be of the most touching and intimate of Shakespeare tragedies. The source of Othello comes from Girald Cirthio’s Tall of the Moor, considering the modification of a few details, this was a manifestation of Shakespeare’s ability to take a reputable story and elevate it into poetic tragedy (Cahn 106). Othello is the stor y of love, deception, and powerRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Othello And Othello Essay1282 Words   |  6 PagesOthello speaks to Iago in Act Three of the play saying, â€Å"certain, men should be what they seem† (3.3.131). This excerpt foreshadow events in which Othello will begin to question the actions and morality of Cassio and Desdemona, all orchestrated by Iago’s scheming nature. This is a very important concept to showcase because Othello devoutly loves Desdemona and trusts Cassio until conniving language from Iago causes him to think otherwise. Drawing on Shakespeare’s source story by Cinthio and otherRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare Essay1659 Words   |  7 PagesCritics have debated the significance of Othello’s race in terms of portraying his identity for a long time. The negative connotations of â€Å"blackness† have led to the creation of many racial constructs associated with the â€Å"Moor†; this denigration has inf used the opinions of many critics, such as Albert Gerard, proposing that Othello’s â€Å"negroid physiognomy† reaches down to the â€Å"deepest levels of personality† and that he is a â€Å"barbarian†. However, many other critics like Edward Berry and Martin Orkin

Managers Managerial Accounting - Strengths And Weaknesses

Question 1 Bonza Handtools Ltd. manufactures a popular power drill suitable for the home renovator. Financial and other data for this product for the last twelve months are as follows : Sales 20000 units Selling price $130 per unit Variable manufacturing cost $50 per unit Fixed manufacturing costs $400000 Variable selling and administrative costs $30 per unit Fixed selling and administrative costs $300000. The directors of Bonza Ltd. want to try to increase the profitability of this product and invited senior staff to suggest how this might be done. Three suggestions have been received. The accountant, Jan Rossi, believes that a price increase of $10 per unit is the best way to boost profits. She would spend an additional $125000 on national advertising and contends, that if this is done, sales volume would not drop appreciably from last year. The production manager, Tom Tune, thinks that an improved quality product could increase sales volume by 25% if accompanied by an advertising campaign costing $50000 aimed at tradespeople as well as home renovators. The improved quality would add $5 per unit to the variable cost. Mr Tune believes that the price should not be increased. The sales manager, Mary Watson, wants to undertake a promotion campaign where a $10 rebate is offered on all drills sold during the three months beginning 1 April. Normally 6000 units are sold during that period and Ms Watson believes that this could be boosted to 10000 units if an advertising campaign costing $40000 were launched late in March. You have been asked by the Bonza board to comment on each of these three proposals. Draft a report in response to this request. You are not asked to make an outright choice, but rather to analyse the potential strengths and weaknesses. The sales volumes forecast by each staff member should be treated as estimates only and your report should examine the effects of variations in actual sales from these forecasts. Give figures to support your comments and mention qualitative factors that may also be involved. Question 2 The Tassie Company estimates that next year it will manufacture and sell 150000 units of its product. On the basis of that level of activity, it has budgeted for the following costs and prices per unit: Direct Material Cost $2.50 Direct Labour Cost 3.00 Variable Factory Overhead 1.50 Fixed Factory Overhead 2.00 Manufacturing Cost 9.00 Variable Selling and Administrative Cost 2.00 Fixed Selling and Administrative Cost 1.50 Total Cost 12.50 20% Mark-up 2.50 Selling Price $15.00 The Company has an opportunity to bid for the supply of an additional 40000 units of its product to a government department. No sales commission (variable selling and admin. cost) is involved and no additional fixed costs will be incurred. Give a reasoned opinion on the level of the bid that should be made in each of the following two circumstances (i) The capacity of the Tassie Company's factory is 200000 units per year. (ii) The capacity of the factory is only 180000 units per year. Question 3 Critically discuss the following statements: Word limit for Question 3 - 750 words a budget is a forecast of what is expected to happen in a business during the next year budgets are okay but they stifle all initiative. No manager would work for a business that applies control through budgets. any sensible person would start with the sales budget and build up the other budgets from there. a budget trying to be realistic will not motivate best performance. only adverse variances are worth investigating, because favourable variances, by definition, must be good. Question 4 ABC Ltd makes trailers. It receives a special order to produce 350 trailers for a local retail outlet. The order will take 2,100 kg of material that costs $16.10 per kg and will require 1,400 direct labour hours and 525 machine hours. The following are the expected/budgeted annual costs for ABC Ltd: Direct labour $327,600 Direct labour hours 25,795 Direct materials $193,200 Indirect costs $98,400 Machine hours 9,840 Required:- Calculate the overhead allocation rate: note that the process is labour-intensive Calculate the total costs of the special order Calculate the cost of the special order if ABC Ltd uses machine time as the basis for allocating overheads Calculate the minimum price per trailer that ABC Ltd could accept. Explain how segmented overhead cost pools and activity based costing can assist accurate costing for pricing purpose (200 words) Question 5 Write around 500 words explaining how segmenting the overheads can help in allocating overhead costs to individual jobs or services. You must support your discussion by real world examples and acknowledge the source of your information (referencing). Answer: The above table demonstrated that if the first proposal is implemented, the organization will have a net profit of $375,000. Earlier, the net profit was estimated to be $300,000. Hence, the first proposal will help in increasing the profit level. However, it must be considered that the accountant has enhanced the selling price which might have a negative influence on the consumer perception regarding that product. Consequently, the demand may decline in long term (Fields, 2002). According to the production manager, profitability can be increased by focusing on the quality control as well as promotional activities instead of increasing the selling price of the product. In this case, the profit has been estimated same as the first proposal. However, significant risk is associated with this option as the result of the promotional strategy is uncertain (Epstein Lee, 2011). If the third proposal of the sales manager is implemented, the profit will be $400,000. In this strategy, the sales manager has focused on discount which will help in enhancing the sales volume. The decrease in the selling price will be compensated by the significant increase in the sales volume (Hansen Mowen 2000). Analyzing the three options, it can be stated that the third proposal is most appropriate for the company. The above calculations depict that when the capacity of Tassie is 200,000 units per year and the profit will be estimated as $555,000. When the capacity of the factory will be 180,000 units per year the profit will be $ 510,000 (Dopson Hayes 2009). Answer 3: Budget is an important financial estimate for anticipating the future requirements as well as performance of the organization. Budget helps in forecasting the future requirement of capital by estimating sales volume, demand and cost of manufacturing activities. Preparation of budget helps in effective allocation of the available resources (Epstein Lee, 2009). The estimated profit from the budget helps in setting target for the organizational performance and individual role of the employees for achieving it. The management of an organization may analyze the past trends in order to develop new budget. Budget significantly contributes in monitoring the future operations of the company considering the budgeted figures as a basis of evaluation. It is necessary to adopt a flexible approach for preparing budget as the real activities may deviate from the budgeted activities due to the change in circumstances (Gazely Lambert 2006). It is important to prepare a realistic budget which considers provision for change in economic scenario or accidents. Positive variance with the budget demonstrates that the organization is performing effectively. On the other hand, negative variance clearly indicates the business firm has failed to operate effectively for meeting the minimum level of expectation (Fields, 2002). Answer 4 Estimation of cost of special order when machine time is considered as the base for allocating overheads Segmented Overhead Cost and Activity Based Budgeting Segmented overhead expense helps in identification of the distinct variables as well as fixed costs related to manufacturing and operational activities which cannot be easily remembered in connection to the particular unit of result. The segmented overhead cost can be distinguished with various operational assets such as machine which is associated with the labor, setup cost etc. Therefore, a positive association can be established between the real and standard expenditure. A segmented overhead cost includes different division of expenditure which can be associated to the cost of produced goods. Hence, it can help in adoption of an effective pricing strategy (Collier, 2012). Answer 5: Segmenting overhead is an important aspect for allocation of the overhead cost as it provides support in identification of the cost associated with setting up, material purchase, operation and inspection (Dopson Hayes 2009). Toyota has been adopted the procedure of segmenting overhead costs for enhancing the efficiency of the costing practice in the organization. Different overhead costs include indirect overhead, administrative overhead, selling overhead, manufacturing overhead etc. It is very important to identify properly the type of each cost and categorizing it properly. For instance, when a business firm is focusing on the classification of the different office supply, it must be included in the administrative overhead (Coombs, Hobbs Jenkins 2005). Legal and accounting expenditures, auditing, office expenditures, audit fees etc will be categorized as the indirect overhead cost. The wages related to material handling, production supplies, utility of the equipments will be considered as the variable overhead. Segmentation of the overhead costs significantly contributes in reducing the risk related to the overhead cost and undertakes the costing process efficiently (Gregoriou Finch 2012). References Collier, Paul M. 2012.Accounting For Managers. Chichester, U.K.: Wiley. Coombs, Hugh M, David Hobbs, and D. E Jenkins. 2005.Management Accounting. London: SAGE Publications. Dopson, Lea R, David K Hayes. 2009.Managerial Accounting For The Hospitality Industry. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley Sons. Epstein, Marc J, John Y Lee. 2011.Advances In Management Accounting. Bingley, UK: Emerald. Fields, E. (2002).The essentials of finance and accounting for nonfinancial managers. New York: AMACOM. Gazely, Alicia M, Michael Lambert. 2006.Management Accounting. London: SAGE Publications. Gregoriou, Greg N, and Nigel Finch. 2012.Best Practices In Management Accounting. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Hansen, Don R, Maryanne M Mowen. 2000.Management Accounting. Cincinnati: South-Western College Pub.

Rei Kawakubo free essay sample

French fashion has been both disturbed and strengthened by the addition of the â€Å"outsider†Ã‚   forces such as Kenzo Takada, the pioneer designer among Japanese designers. At the beginning of the 1980s the placement of Tokyo on the fashion map became even more pronounced when ? The Big Three? Issey Miyake who can be considered as ? the founding father of the avant-garde fashion? , and other two being Yamamoto and Kawakubo, placed great signi? cance on clothing inherited from the past. This includes Japanese farmers? lothes designed through necessity and adapted dyed textile and quilting from ancient Japan, which Japanese would not consider fashionable. Kawakubo and Yamamoto gained international recognition for their innovative collections by suggesting different ways of wearing garment. They also redefined the nature of Western clothing itself for example the large and loose-fitting garments instead of exposing the contours of the body. Therefore, they simultaneously introd uced a new fashion and a new definition of aesthetics. We will write a custom essay sample on Rei Kawakubo or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Referring to the designs of Kawakubo, Yamamoto said that Kawakubo was his ‘very strong competition’ and ‘the start of my Olympic games’ (The Japanese Revolution in Paris Fashion). Both of them have strong Japanese background applied on their designs until now. They showed monochromatic, torn, and non-decorative clothes, bringing shabbiness into fashion to internationally express a sense of absence rather than existence. Yamamoto has found his own signature by synthesizing European tailoring and Japanese sensibility. His fabric and structure governed by twisting, piecing, and drapery where Kawakubo is best known for being against normal trends of fashion whose materials were often draped around the body with asymmetric shapes, featured frayed, unfinished edges along with holes, they are also manipulated by shrouding, texturing, and layering techniques. Kawakubo’s design is not about the body but about space around body and the ‘metaphor of self’ (Richard Martin, 1990). The self-taught Kawakubo nods to the romantic subtleties of historic fashion while Yamamoto often experiments with innovations in technical textiles and new synthetics. In 1981, Kawakubo’s first fashion show in Paris appeared to be uninterested in clothing and conventionally flattering. Moreover, her designs were oversized, distressed and worn with flat shoes. Therefore, it did not have a positive respond from the western market. As the time goes by, she is now regarded as a headstrong fashion personality who is obsessed by the tactile and visual properties of fabric. Her use of black and asymmetry represents a fusion of Western and Asian forms. In 1982, Kawakubo showed the lace sweaters (Picture 1: VA museum) with irregular, apparently moth-eaten holes. It consists of a black hand-knitted jumper decorated with randomly placed holes, giving it post-punk eras feel and a black skirt of padded cotton jersey. It uses an asymmetrical pattern and incorporates a deep welt that sits on the hips and gives form to the garment. This outfit is typical of the predominantly black collections produced by Kawakubo for Comme des Garcons, her first company. Her first collections were restricted exclusively to gray, beige, and in particular black. She only introduced colored clothes for the first time in 1989. The two menswear inspired pantsuit below (Picture 2: Fukai. A, 2002, pp. 641) by Yamamoto are mixed of the Japanese concept of asymmetry with the symmetrical clothes design of the west. On the other hand, Yamamoto made his name designing dark, oversized clothes, principally in black, although he has also favored navy gabardine. Both shades, he has said, are used to ensure that all attention is focused on the intricacy of cut and proportion over and above surface embellishment that is, for the most part, kept to a minimum. His garments are loosely and often voluminous, sometimes carved out of stone, at other times they are fluid. His garments often offer possibilities for different use, such as reversible jacket, an extra pocket and laces fulfill that are not entirely functional. Oversized clothes and playful diversity of texture is his signature, along with asymmetrical hems and collars, holes, and torn edges. He likes surprise details such an unexpected pocket, a lapel that turns into a long, flowing shawl, and a new placement of buttons. The deconstructionist theme is his largest contribution to the world of fashion: breaking down fashion clothing into experimental pieces made of simple materials, where the cut is the main event of the garment. Yamamoto is only one of Japans big three (along with Issey Miyake and Rei Kawakubo) to achieve this feat, but he separates himself from the others by maintaining a sense of humor, history and wit. â€Å"My early work has always made the point: Women should also be allowed to dress like men. When I was studying, women in Japan were always wearing costumes and looked like puppets. I didnt like that. At the same time I though. Women in military uniform: How sexy! †- Yohji Yamamoto Picture 1 Rei Kawakubo/ Comme des Garcons Jumper 1982 Jumper of black hand- knitted wool. Decorated with holes randomly places. In conclusion, Japanese designers have greatly influence the world’s young fashion designers by expressing, consciously or unconsciously, their Japanese aesthetic sense. Part of the reason for their strong impact is that international clothing can come from a culture other than from the west. Kawakubo and Yamamoto prove that imperfection are more valuable for their collection. From the two garments above (Picture 1 and 2) Kawakubo’s design uses asymmetrical pattern and imperfect sewing that give form to the garment itself. In contrary, Yamamoto uses deconstruction theme and perfect sewing for his garments.

An Analysis of the Urban Issue of Tuberculosisin the Bourough of Newham The WritePass Journal

An Analysis of the Urban Issue of Tuberculosisin the Bourough of Newham 1.Introduction An Analysis of the Urban Issue of Tuberculosisin the Bourough of Newham ). Newham has a population of 308,000 with a population density of 85.1 per hectare as compared to 31 in central London (UK Census, 2012). These figures suggest that even in the populated city of London, Newham is an area of urbanisation, with a large number of people concentrated into a relatively small area. The increase of tuberculosis has been described as a ‘penalty for high density urban living’ (Dye 2010, p.859), likely due to the increased potential for transmission in overcrowding, and the increased rates of immigration to inner-city areas. Bhunu and Mushavabasa (2012) propose that tuberculosis thrives in conditions of overcrowding and poverty, issues that are common in urban areas. The high rates of tuberculosis in cities such as London, and areas of urbanization such as Newham, suggest that the incidence of tuberculosis is indeed an urban issue. Newham fulfills the criteria of high immigration rates and being an area of deprivation.. Newham has a diverse ethnic population, with 61% of the people being non-white (Farrar Manson 2013, p. 54). The population of ethnic minorities continues to grow along with the increasing numbers of refugees and asylum seekers in greater London. Another aspect of urbanisation illustrated in the borough of Newham is that of deprivation and overcrowding. Farrar Manson (2013, p. 16) claim that Newham ranks as the third most deprived borough in inner London. Most of the people here live in tower housing and overcrowded conditions that are the perfect condition for the spread of tuberculosis. There is a positive correlation between poor housing and poverty and the prevalence of tuberculosis, which is very clear in Newham as evidenced by the findings of 108 and 116 cases per 100,000 people (Vassal, 2009; Anderson et al., 2001). The aetiology of the issue of tuberculosis is highlighted when considering the distribution of the disease across Newham. The occurrence of disease is not evenly spread across the borough, with 70% of cases coming from Manor Park, Green Street and East Ham. These boroughs represent areas of population increase, overcrowding and higher levels of those living in poverty. Manor Park and Green Street also show differing dynamics of tuberculosis incidence, representing an overall increase of 40% since 2006 whilst all other areas of Newham either remained static or showed slight decrease (Malone et al 2009, p. 23). It can be seen that tuberculosis presents a significant urban issue, especially when comparing incidence in an urban area such as Newham to those less urbanised areas. Bromley has a population of 309,000 and a population density of 20 per hectare, in comparison to Newham’s population density of 80 per hectare (UK Census, 2012). Tuberculosis incidence in Bromley is between 0-19 per 100,000 compared to that of Newham, which is five times greater at 80-100 per 100,000 (Anderson et al., 2006). It is for this reason that necessary intervention strategies need to be formulated and implemented to help reduce the rates of tuberculosis among individuals living in Newham. 3. The Influence of Urbanisation on Tuberculosis Incidence While the global rates of tuberculosis are declining, the disease is showing steady increase in the United Kingdom. In 2012, 8751 new cases of the disease were identified in the country with 39% coming from London (Fullman and Strachan 2013, p. 43). Indeed London has the highest rates of the disease in Western Europe with Newham borough having the highest rates in the UK. Jindal (2011, p. 55) claims that the rate of tuberculosis in some London boroughs is more than twice higher than the threshold used by the world health organisation to define high rates. These higher incidences support the notion of a sick city hypothesis where there are greater levels of ill health than in rural areas, and may be due to the presence of factors in an urban environment that contribute to ill health (an urban health penalty). One factor that may contribute to the urban health penalty is that of immigration. Cities are easier to access than rural areas, provide areas of congregation and provide more facilities for immigrating families and individuals. The majority of individuals suffering from tuberculosis are people born outside the United Kingdom, with 75% of cases in 2003 being born abroad (Anderson et al., 2006). A reason for the high incidence in those born abroad but now living in the UK is exacerbated by the nature of tuberculosis. On initial infection, tuberculosis is confined by the immune system with only around 5% of cases experiencing symptoms within the first two years of infection (Narasimhan et al., 2013). The remainder of cases harbour a latent infection which may reactivate later in life, with about 10-15% of those infected going on to develop an active disease (Narasimhan et al., 2013). This insidious nature combined with the later activation of the disease explains why many people do not get the disease until later in life. It is likely that it is contracted in their country of birth, however then manifests much later once they have moved to the UK. Statistics indicate that over 90% of the residents in Newham diagnosed with the disease in 2011 were born outside the United Kingdom (Fullman and Strachan, 2013, p. 33). Among these, 50% arrived in the country in the last five years. In the same year tuberculosis diagnosis increased by 25% compared to 2010 (Fullman and Strachan, 2013), possibly as a reflection of the increased immigration. Additionally to a high immigrant population bringing significant disease burden from their countries of birth, London and Newham both represent many of the other issues of urbanisation and urban health penalty that can contribute to the high incidence of tuberculosis. Studies have shown that low vitamin D levels are associated with an increased risk of developing tuberculosis (Campbell and Spector, 2012; Chan, 1999). This is an important association in urban populations, as the living and working conditions foster less access to sunlight (the major source of vitamin D). Additionally, Asian immigrants present a problem of low vitamin D due to vegetarian diets, and a tendency to cover up their skin, not allowing to take advantage of the small amount of sunlight available (Chan, 1999). As previously mentioned, Newham is an area of both high urbanisation and with a large immigrant population, and 38.6% of the population being of Asian descent (London Borough of Newham, 2010). The immigrant population of urban areas such as Newham also present a non-vaccinated proportion of society. Whilst the BCG vaccine against tuberculosis was introduced in the UK in the 1950s and was shown to provide a reduction in risk of contracting tuberculosis (Colditz et al., 1994), those immigrating were less likely to receive this vaccination on moving to the UK. London also represents cases of tuberculosis that are socially and medically complex. As a hugely populated area, London includes those with HIV infection and presents other risk factors such as onward transmission and poor treatment. HIV is one of the most powerful risk factors for tuberculosis, with a incidence rate of 20 times higher in those that are HIV positive (Dye and Williams, 2010). People’s attitudes towards and access to healthcare also present a complex mix of factors which contribute to an increased incidence of many health problems, including that of tuberculosis. Those in impoverished areas have reduced access to healthcare, which may stem from many reasons such as complex needs, chaotic lifestyles, location of services, user ignorance, and language and literacy barriers (Szczepura, 2005). These can affect the disease process of tuberculosis from prevention, treatment of active disease, adherence to treatment and prevention of the health consequences. Especially problematic are misconceptions and a lack of understanding of the disease, leading to late presentation and delayed access to treatment (Figuera-Munoz and Ramon-Pardo, 2008) With the close living quarters in areas such as Newham, the spread of tuberculosis is facilitated. With poverty, poor housing and overcrowding, these areas concentrate several risk factors and lead to a greater spread of tuberculosis (Bates et al., 2004). These determinants therefore suggest that the incidence of tuberculosis in urban areas is a complex issue. Controlling and preventing tuberculosis in London requires effective social and economic tools that must be incorporated in the development of policies of control in treatment initiation. 4. Consequences and implications of tuberculosis on the general population Tuberculosis ranks with HIV/ AIDS and Malaria as one of the three main health challenges currently facing the world. The Commonwealth Health Ministers Update 2009 (2009, p. 41) indicates that 8 million new cases are reported globally each year. As previously mentioned, when combined with HIV, tuberculosis can prove lethal as the two diseases enhance the progress of each other. It is for this reason that tuberculosis is the major cause of death among HIV patients with the rate standing at 11% globally. The World Health Organization (2009, p. 27) indicates that tuberculosis is responsible for more deaths today than ever before, with approximately 2 million lives claimed by the disease annually. As well as the significant mortality contributed by tuberculosis, the morbidity of the disease can be extremely detrimental both socially and economically. Those with the active disease that are not receiving treatment have been shown to go on to infect 10-15 others every year (WHO, 1998). Those who do receive treatment face a long (up to six months) and complex treatment regime involving several medication side effects. This can affect adherence to the treatment regime, and lead to the disease developing a resistance to the treatment, with this drug resistant tuberculosis contributing to greater mortality and increased expense to treat (Ahlburg, 2000). As well as the significant morbidity and mortality, it is important to consider the economic impact of tuberculosis. The World Health Organisation estimated the cost to treat tuberculosis in 2000 as $250,000 US dollars ( £150,000) in developed countries (Ahlburg, 2000). This presents a significant burden to the UK NHS, not to mention the time lost through not working which can dent the economy. London is a global world trade centre whose economy is shaped by global forces, particularly in terms of trade, labour and capital. As a gateway to both the UK and other parts of Europe and the rest of the world, London records a very large number of tourists and immigrant populations. This high number of people accelerates the spread of the disease as people carry it to the country from other parts of the world is indicated by the new infection patterns and is highlighted by the prevalence in immigrant populations. 5. Strategies and intervention for addressing tuberculosis Current UK guidelines for tuberculosis intervention were made by NICE in 2006 (updated 2011). The recommendations propose strategies for identifying those with latent (non-active) tuberculosis to prevent spread or reactivation and also specify criteria for treatment (NICE, 2011). Those recommended for screening for latent tuberculosis include close contacts of infected individuals, immigrants from high incidence countries, immunocompromised individuals, and healthcare workers. Whilst this strategy targets prevention of the spread of tuberculosis, they are only targeting specific groups, and it is likely in high incidence areas such as Newham, people will slip through the net. These guidelines have only changed minimally since 2006, and since then tuberculosis incidence has been on the increase in areas such as Newham, suggesting that changes may need to be made. High incidence areas of the UK such as Newham could learn from New York experience and copy the strategy it used in dealing with the disease. With the implementation of broadened initial treatment regimes, direct observed therapy, and improved guidelines for hospital control and disease prevention, the city managed to halt the progression of an epidemic (Frieden et al., 1995). As mentioned in the previous chapter, adherence to the lengthy treatment regime as well as a lack of understanding may contribute to the spread of tuberculosis. Directly observed therapy (DOT) involves observing the patient take each dose of their medication, with outreach workers travelling to their homes. Evidence from New York showed that through DOT, only 3% of patients in therapy were infectious, compared to a proposed 20% if not receiving DOT (Frieden et al., 1995). Current UK guidelines (NICE, 2006) do not recommend DOT, although they do state that it may be used in cases of patients with previous issues with adherence or at high risk. Although an expensive and time consuming process, if DOT can reduce infectious cases, this would also work as a preventative measure. There could be one allocated outreach nurse for the borough of Newham and other high-risk areas. Another method implemented in New York was the downsizing of large shelters for the homeless. These were breeding grounds for tuberculosis, and the subsequent reduction in overcrowding led to a decrease in transmission of the disease (Frieden et al., 1995). Whilst it is not possible to split people up from living with their families in crowded homes in terms of Newham, education about keeping those with tuberculosis from interacting with too many others in crowded conditions may be of benefit. The model should also borrow from those used by other cities like Paris and the rest of Europe in controlling tuberculosis with intervention at the level of the agent, individual and community levels. In Paris, Rieder (2002) suggested that prophylactic treatment could be used to prevent the disease occurring in those at risk, for example those in the household of an identified case of tuberculosis. Additionally, Rieder (2002) proposed that early or neonate vaccination be used especially in those in areas where tuberculosis is frequent, rarely diagnosed, and adequate contact examinations rarely feasible. It may be possible that in cases where lots of people are vaccinated that they may infer herd immunity and thus protect unvaccinated individuals from the disease. Once the populations have been protected and the incidence (number of new cases) of tuberculosis has been reduced, this allows for a reduction in the prevalence of tuberculosis (number of ongoing cases at any one point in time) with preventative chemotherapy that can treat sub-clinical, latent tuberculosis in the population. This preventative chemotherapy is likely to be extremely relevant to Newham due to the large immig rant population likely harbouring latent tuberculosis. On a country- or city-wide scale, these recommendations from New York and Paris provide excellent models for preventing the increase of tuberculosis any further. It is also important, however, to consider the individual communities in Newham, and to promote health awareness and an attitude towards taking responsibility for their health. Their needs to be an encouragement at the level of primary care where immigrant populations feel that they can approach healthcare, and education to encourage tuberculosis prevention and adherence to treatment. The strategy should be all-inclusive in order to encourage people to not only go for testing but also start and finish the treatment process. 6. Recommendations and conclusion Tuberculosis presents an important urban issue in the area of Newham. Incidence is greater than other areas of the UK, and is over half that of India. There are several factors contributing to this including a large immigrant population, crowding and overpopulation, access to healthcare and comorbid health problems such as vitamin D deficiency and HIV. The disease has considerable effect on morbidity and is responsible for high levels of mortality. Further consequences of the disease manifest as economic problems such as cost of treatment and loss of work. London and the UK already have policies and structures for controlling tuberculosis in place; however the implementation process is patchy across the city, and often dependent upon budget. In high-risk areas such as Newham, there is poor access of healthcare due to inaccurate beliefs on the disease, language and cultural barriers, and complex needs of the population. In the case of tuberculosis, these contribute to poor disease prevention, delayed diagnosis and poor treatment adherence. All of which lead to an increase in transmission and health consequences. The area of Newham would benefit greatly from further education into tuberculosis, how to look for signs and how to get treatment. Encouraging good relationship with healthcare professionals and promoting access to healthcare through outreach programmes and targeting pharmacies may be helpful. Additionally, Newham should look to employ techniques used in New York and Paris, including DOT, prophylactic treatment and neonate vaccination to reduce both the prevalence and incidence of tuberculosis. References Ahlburg (2000). The economic impact of TB: ministerial conference Amsterdam, WHO Bates, I., Fenton, C., Gruber, J., Lalloo, D., Lara, A. M., Squire, S. B., and Tolhurst, R. (2004). ‘Vulnerability to malaria, tuberculosis, and HIV/AIDS infection and disease. Part II: determinants operating at environmental and institutional level’.  The Lancet Infectious Diseases,  vol. 4(6), pp. 368-375. Bhunu, C. P., and Mushayabasa, S. (2012). ‘Assessing the effects of poverty in tuberculosis transmission dynamics’.  Applied Mathematical Modelling,  vol. 36(9), pp. 4173-4185. Campbell, G. R., and Spector, S. A. (2012). ‘Vitamin D inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in macrophages through the induction of autophagy’.  PLoS pathogens, vol.  8(5). Castillo-Chavez, C., and Feng, Z. (1997). ‘To treat or not to treat: the case of tuberculosis.  Journal of mathematical biology’,   vol. 35(6), pp. 629-656. Colditz, G. A., Brewer, T. F., Berkey, C. S., Wilson, M. E., Burdick, E., Fineberg, H. V., and Mosteller, F. (1994). ‘Efficacy of BCG vaccine in the prevention of tuberculosismeta-analysis of the published literature’.  Jama, vol. 271(9), pp. 698-702. Commonwealth Health Ministers Update 2009. (2009). Commonwealth Secretarial. Dye, C., and Williams, B. G. (2010). ‘The population dynamics and control of tuberculosis’.  Science,  vol 328(5980), pp. 856-861. Dyer, C. A. (2010). Tuberculosis. Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood. Ellner JJ. Tuberculosis. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds.  Goldmans Cecil Medicine. 24th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders; 2011: vol332. Farrar, J., Manson, P. (2013). Mansons tropical diseases. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Figueroa-Munoz, J. I., Ramon-Pardo, P. (2008). Tuberculosis control in vulnerable groups.  Bulletin of the World Health Organization,  86(9), 733-735. Frieden, T. R., Fujiwara, P. I., Washko, R. M., and Hamburg, M. A. (1995). ‘Tuberculosis in New York City- turning the tide’.  New England Journal of Medicine,  vol. 333(4), pp. 229-233. Fullman, J., Strachan, D. (2013). Frommers London 2013. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Great Britain. (2008). Diseases know no frontiers: How effective are intergovernmental organisations in controlling their spread? ; 1st report of session, 2007-08. London: Stationery Office. Jindal, S. K. (2011). Textbook of pulmonary and critical care medicine. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers. London Borough of Newham, (2010). Community Leaders and Engagement, Manor Park Community Forum Profile [Online], Available:newham.info/research/CFProfiles/ManorPark.pdf [12 April 2014]. Malone, C., Beasley, R. P., Bressler, J., Graviss, E. A., Vernon, S. W., University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health. (2009). Trends in anti-tuberculosis drug resistance from 20032007 at Pham Ngoc Thach Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Hospital, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. (Masters Abstracts International, 47-5.) National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2006) [Clinical Diagnosis and Management of Tuberculosis, and measures for its prevention and control]. [CG117]. London: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Ormerod, L.P. (2003) ‘Nonrespiratory tuberculosis. In Davies PDO (Ed) Clinical Tuberculosis. Third Edition. Arnold: London. pp. 125-153. Public Health England (2012), World Health Organization (WHO) estimates of tuberculosis incidence by rate, 2012 (sorted by rate). [Online] Available at: hpa.org.uk/webc/HPAwebFile/HPAweb_C/1317140584841 [12 April 2014]. Rieder, H. A. (2002).  Interventions for Tuberculosis Control, 1st edn. International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Paris, France. Szczepura, A. (2005). ‘Access to health care for ethnic minority populations’. Postgraduate Medical Journal,  vol. 81(953), pp. 141-147. Vassall, A., University of Amsterdam. (2009). The Costs and cost-effectiveness of tuberculosis control. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. Watson, J. M., and Maguire. H.C (1997). ‘PHLS work on the surveillance and epidemiology of tuberculosis.’ Communicable disease report. CDR review 7.8, pp. R110-2. World Health Organization. (2009). Global tuberculosis control: Epidemiology, strategy, financing : WHO report 2009. Geneva: World Health Organization. World Health Organisation (2014). Tuberculosis. 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Lynn Margulis - Biography of an Evolution Scientist

Lynn Margulis - Biography of an Evolution Scientist Lynn Margulis was born March 15, 1938 to Leone and Morris Alexander in Chicago, Illinois. She was the oldest of four girls born to the travel agent and lawyer. Lynn took an early interest in her education, especially science classes. After only two years at Hyde Park High School in Chicago, she was accepted into the early entrant program at the University of Chicago at the young age of 15. By the time Lynn was 19, she had acquired a B.A. of Liberal Arts from the University of Chicago. She then enrolled at the University of Wisconsin for graduate studies. In 1960, Lynn Margulis had obtained an M.S. in Genetics and Zoology and then went on to work at getting a Ph.D. in Genetics at the University of California, Berkeley. She ended up finishing her doctoral work at Brandeis University in Massachusetts in 1965. Personal Life While at the University of Chicago, Lynn met the now famous Physicist Carl Sagan while he was doing his graduate work in Physics at the college. They married shortly before Lynn finished her B.A. in 1957. They had two sons, Dorion and Jeremy. Lynn and Carl divorced before Lynn finished her Ph.D. work at the University of California, Berkeley. She and her sons moved to Massachusetts shortly thereafter. In 1967, Lynn married crystallographer Thomas Margulis after accepting a position as a lecturer at Boston College. Thomas and Lynn had two children- a son Zachary and a daughter Jennifer. They were married for 13 years before divorcing in 1980. In 1988, Lynn took a position in the Botany department at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst. There, she continued to lecture and write scientific papers and books over the years. Lynn Margulis passed away on November 22, 2011, after suffering uncontrolled hemorrhaging caused by a stroke. Career While studying at the University of Chicago, Lynn Margulis first became interested in learning about cell structure and function. Particularly, Lynn wanted to learn as much as possible about genetics and how it related to the cell. During her graduate studies, she studied the non-Mendelian inheritance of cells. She hypothesized that there had to be DNA somewhere in the cell that wasnt in the nucleus due to some of the traits that were passed down to the next generation in plants that did not match the genes coded in the nucleus. Lynn found DNA within both mitochondria and chloroplasts inside of plant cells that did not match the DNA in the nucleus. This led her to begin formulating her endosymbiotic theory of cells. These insights came under fire immediately, but have held up over the years and contributed significantly to the Theory of Evolution. Most traditional evolutionary biologists believed, at the time, that competition was the cause of evolution. The idea of natural selection is based on the survival of the fittest, meaning competition eliminates the weaker adaptations, generally caused by mutations. Lynn Margulis endosymbiotic theory was the opposite. She proposed that cooperation between species led to the formation of new organs and other types of adaptations along with those mutations. Lynn Margulis was so intrigued by the idea of symbiosis, she became a contributor to the Gaia hypothesis first proposed by James Lovelock. In short, the Gaia hypothesis asserts that everything on Earth- including life on land, the oceans, and the atmosphere- work together in a sort of symbiosis as if it were one living organism. In 1983, Lynn Margulis was elected to the National Academy of Sciences. Other personal highlights include being the co-director of the Biology Planetary Internship Program for NASA and was awarded eight honorary doctorate degrees at various universities and colleges. In 1999, she was awarded the National Medal of Science.

System architecture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

System architecture - Essay Example Dependant upon particular needs that the client inquired. Just like the colonel’s point of view on leadership features, Mr. Siegel requires the organization to promote real customer interactions, motivating staff to be able to each turn into a chief and be able to function separate, though right at the end to be able to integrate and act as a team. Mr. Siegel’s model helps bring about carrying out items correct initially (Evans, 2014). The particular colonel deals with the likelihood regarding chance concerning his / her company while using the expression â€Å"If that isn’t shattered, don’t repair it. † Given that they monitor the matter and maintain that wouldn’t certainly be an issue. Also the colonel emphasis on having excellent listening skills when involved with resolving conflicts among employees or dealing with customers needs. He supports the notion of leaders who also trust their employees. Also, good leaders should have the capability to delegate and empower others in the organization while still maintaining control of everything in the system. Also, the Colonel has his head continually â€Å"looking below the surface† in order to pinpoint situations that do not meet the leader’s standards. Mr. Siegel furthermore says the significance associated with splendid, crystal clear connect skills as well as the ability to focus on fine detail; often through jamming or watching. Moreover, Mr. Siegel’s builder emphasizes that will software has its disorders and this right supervision by itself will not always resolve the look issues (Evans, 2014). Evans, R. K., Hill, G. M., NASA Glenn Research Center,, & United States. (2014). Data acquisition system architecture and capabilities at NASA GRC Plum Brook Stations space environment test